Open Systems, Blockchain & Business Daily

OSBBD

AI, money and the software behind them.

Crypto

Wallets, blockchains, stablecoins and digital-asset infrastructure.

Taproot ·

Taproot Key Path vs Script Path: What a Spend Reveals

See what Taproot key-path and script-path spends reveal, how their witnesses differ and why key path is usually smaller.

Editorial diagram showing a Bitcoin transaction as a byte-sized receipt feeding a fee-rate dial.
Bitcoin ·

Does the Bitcoin Fee Depend on the Amount?

Bitcoin fees follow transaction size and fee rate. See why a small payment can cost more than a large one.

Editorial collage showing three Bitcoin transaction outputs flowing into a wallet, then a payment output and a smaller change output.
Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin UTXOs Explained: Inputs, Outputs and Change

A Bitcoin balance is a set of unspent outputs. Learn how a wallet selects them, creates change and affects future fees.

Two linked transaction cards move together toward a Bitcoin block, illustrating child-pays-for-parent fee bumping.
Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin Child Pays for Parent (CPFP): How the Fee Bump Works

A CPFP child transaction can raise a parent's combined fee rate. See who can use it, the limits and wallet checks.

Four charcoal data tiles beside one cobalt tile on paper sheets, illustrating the different weight assigned to base and witness bytes.
Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin Block Weight vs Block Size: What the Numbers Mean

Block weight is Bitcoin’s consensus limit; raw bytes and virtual size describe related but different measurements.

Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin Address Types: Legacy to Taproot

Bitcoin address types identify Legacy, wrapped SegWit, Native SegWit and Taproot destinations.

A stack of linked Bitcoin blocks with a cobalt confirmation seal
Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin Confirmations: What 1, 3 and 6 Blocks Mean

What Bitcoin confirmations count, why reorgs matter and why six blocks are a convention—not a guarantee.

Two cobalt coins on paper transaction slips passing through the same black measuring gate, illustrating Bitcoin fees by data size rather than amount.
Bitcoin ·

Does a Bitcoin Fee Depend on the Amount Sent?

Bitcoin fees follow virtual size and fee rate, not the amount sent. See how inputs, outputs and urgency change cost.

Overlapping paper payment slips and a cobalt coin, illustrating replacement of a pending transaction.
Bitcoin ·

Bitcoin Replace-by-Fee: How a Fee Bump Works

RBF replaces a pending transaction. Node policy, wallet support and confirmation are three separate questions.

Magnifying glass over graph paper beside three glass columns and a blue ribbon
Proof of reserves ·

What Proof of Reserves Can and Cannot Tell You

Proof of reserves shows assets at one moment, not liabilities or borrowed coins. What the PCAOB and SEC say.

Metal key beside a stack of transparent blocks
Token approvals ·

Token Approval Checker: How to Check and Revoke Approvals

Use a token approval checker to see which contracts can spend your tokens, then revoke the ones you no longer need.

Metal key beside a stack of transparent blocks
Blockchain bridges ·

What a Blockchain Bridge Actually Does

A bridge coordinates state across networks. The destination token may depend on a new set of contracts and operators.

Metal key beside a stack of transparent blocks
Network fees ·

Where Your Transaction Fee Goes

A network fee can pay for execution, reward a validator or be burned. Exchange withdrawal fees are separate.

Magnifying glass over graph paper beside three glass columns and a blue ribbon
Stablecoins ·

Why Stablecoins Can Trade Below One Dollar

The target value, redemption terms and market price are different parts of a stablecoin's design.

Metal key beside a stack of transparent blocks
Crypto wallets ·

What a Crypto Wallet Actually Stores

Coins stay on the network's ledger. A wallet manages the credentials and tools used to control them.

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